Study Guide Exam 1
CHILD DEVELOPMENT
Last updated 11/16/2007
Essay Questions: 10 pts (5 ea): (ANSWER
BOTH; bring
completed answers to class on test day; typed, double spaced)
Instructions:
TYPE AND PRINT YOUR RESPONSE – 12 PT FONT, DOUBLE SPACED. INCLUDE YOUR NAME AT THE TOP OF EACH PAGE.
YOU WILL LOSE POINTS IF YOU WRITE OUT YOUR ANSWER, AND YOU WILL LOSE ADDITIONAL POINTS IF I HAVE DIFFICULTY READING YOUR ANSWERS.
Tip: work out answers to the essay questions first before
moving on to the rest of the study guide. Your answers should integrate
knowledge gained from the text and from lecture.
Please use your own words. Using someone else's words without crediting them is plagiarism, which is academic misconduct. More to the point, copying from any source does not convince me that you understand the material, which is the point of any take home writing assignment. I will check the textbook when I grade.
Points will be deducted for (a) not answering the question asked or not fully answering the question (pay attention to words like *explain* in any essay question), (b) not using your own words, but copying or closely paraphrasing from any source including the textbook, and (c) grammar/spelling/handwritten answer/illegible handwriting.
ANSWER BOTH OF
THE ESSAY QUESTIONS BELOW. Bring to
exam. Make sure you indicate which
questions you have chosen to answer.
1. List
each level of Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems
Theory. Explain how each level
relates to developmental outcomes in children (note: could relate to sections
in chapter 2 on beyond the family: neighborhoods and schools/cultural
context/public policies/welfare reform).
-AND-
2. List 5 things you would include in a
birth plan (NO NEED TO MAKE A COMPLETE BIRTHPLAN). Be as specific as possible. Explain
your reasons for each. (Click here to find out more about birth plans)
I.
what is a theory
(definition from book) ? Why do we need them?
Basic Issues – nature/nurture, continuous vs
discontinuous development, one course of development or many? What is a stage theory?
I.
Historical
Shifts in conceptions of childhood
Preformation
9th century
parenting
middle
ages – children viewed as evil
John Locke - Tabula Rasa
Rousseau - Noble Savage
Froebel – kindergarten
Sensitive periods (how are sensitive
periods different from critical periods?)
Dewey
G. Stanley Hall –
normative approach
Hall, Gessell, and Binet – Mental
Testing
II. Major Theories of 20th
Century: Chapter 2
Jean Piaget (know major stages, but not substages)
Lev Vygotsky (zone of proximal development)
How did Piaget & Vygotsky differ?
Freud (don’t worry about stages)
Erikson
(know Erikson’s
stages up through middle childhood & crises that define them)
How did Freud &
Erikson differ?
What is
a major weakness of behaviorism as applied to humans?
Bandura
(social learning theory)
How is Soc Learning
Theory different from Behaviorism?
Information processing
approach
Ethology
Bronfenbrenner’s
Ecological Systems Theory (know each “level”)
Dynamic Systems Theory
(based on Bronfenbrenner’s)
How is
Dynamic Systems Theory different from Bronfenbrenner’s
original
model?
Baby Biographies
Systematic Observations
(naturalistic, structured)
Self-Reports (clinical
interview, structured interview, questionnaires, tests)
Psychophysiological
Methods
Clinical Method/Case Study
Normative Approach
(how was the normative approach an improvement
upon “baby biographies”?)
Ethnography
Case Study
Longitudinal and Cross
Sectional Designs
II.
Biological
Influences on Development/ Patterns of Inheritance Chapter 2
Relationship between
genes and the environment/ environmental influences on gene expression
Dominant-Recessive Inheritance (PKU)
Codominance (sickle cell anemia)
X-linked inheritance
(color blindness, hemophilia)
Genetic Imprinting
Mutation
Polygenetic Inheritance
Chromosomal Abnormalities (fragile X, Autism, Down’s Syndrome) Links from the video: Scientific American Frontiers:
Growing Up Different
Sex Chromosomal Abnormalities
FYI: find out more
about genetic testing: http://www.pbs.org/gene/
Reproductive
Technologies
Maternal blood analysis
Fertility
Treatments: FYI: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/fertility/
FYI: Stem Cell Debate
YOU ARE RESONSIBLE FOR KNOWING INFO IN VIDEOS SHOWN IN CLASS
links from video: NOVA: Life’s
Greatest Miracle
Know all stages of prenatal development and time periods of each – see
table 3.3
Know generally what develops during the embryonic,
and fetal periods, and what this means in terms of “sensitive periods” of
development – see figure 3.6
Function of: Placenta, Umbilical cord,
Age of viability
Teratogen (definition)
Know kinds of teratogens & be able to
recognize examples
What factors influence the effects of teratogens?
II.
Preparing
for Childbirth
Planning
Health care & nutrition (for both mother and embryo/fetus)
what is a doula?
What is a birth plan?
Nutrition: FYI: PsycPORT.com | Fatty Acid Important for Pregnancy
Stages of childbirth – see figure 4.1
What positions are better for pushing? Lamaze.com
- helpful advice
What kinds of things help lessen the pain, stress, & duration of
labor (from lecture)
Def: episiotomy, breech position
Analgesics vs. anesthetics
Epidural
Episiotomy
Caesarean section
What is natural, or prepared, child birth?
Know 2 types of fetal monitoring (internal/external) and pros & cons
of monitoring during labor
Why are instrument deliveries (e.g. forceps) rarely used now?
What is induced labor? How is
labor induced & in what circumstances?
Know APGAR Scale (what does it assess?)
What are the kinds of complications
that can happen during labor & what are the effects of each?
What is pre-term labor? What does “low birthweight”
mean?
What is the “age of viability” (what does it mean, and to what
gestational age does it refer)?
Know common birth complications.
What is postpartum depression?